Explain how the Second Industrial Revolution affected the North, South, West, and Midwest
North
South
West
Midwest
Political
Social
Economic or Type of Economy
Population Change
Transportation
Part 2 – Write a well-developed paragraph for EACH of the following prompts (2 paragraphs total, each with at least 5 sentences). Be sure to include social, political and economic factors in your response and fully address all parts of the prompt.
Explain how the Second Industrial Revolution affected the North, South, West, and Midwest. Include changes in each regions’ politics, society, economy, population, or transportation
Explain which region you would have liked to live in during this period and why. Include evidence from the lesson to support your responses
WHAT IS A REVOLUTION?
What happens when a revolution occurs? Usually, life changes dramatically. Consider political revolutions such as the American Revolution.The Declaration of Independence proclaimed, \”all men are created equal.\” Equality described in this way was a revolutionary idea and challenged the notion that kings and queens have the right to rule absolutely. However, revolutions are more than new ideas and political conflicts.
Declaration of Independence and Model T: Public DomainiPhone: © 2012 The Associated PressElvis Presley: LOC [LC-USZ62-115589]
Look at the images on this screen. Ask yourself:
What dramatic changes do these images represent?
How would the items shown be considered revolutionary?
In this lesson, you will learn about the major causes and effects of the Second Industrial Revolution in the United States. It was a pivotal era when life changed dramatically for millions of people.
To demonstrate your understanding of the Second Industrial Revolution and its effects, you will complete a written assessment. In your assessment you will discuss the revolution\’s effects on different regions of the United States. You should fill out the 02.01 Regions Chart and Written Response as you read through the lesson. You will be submitting this chart as part of your written assessment.
OBJECTIVE 02.01 INDUSTRIALIZATION CHANGES AMERICA
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
explain the causes of the Second Industrial Revolution in the United States
describe the major events of the Second Industrial Revolution
discuss how the Second Industrial Revolution shaped various regions of the United States
analyze social, political, and economic changes that resulted from the Second Industrial Revolution
identify similarities and differences between the first and second Industrial Revolutions
WHAT WERE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS?
Woman working at a textile factory during the time of the First Industrial Revolution. Some of the workers in these mills were children.© Science, Industry & Business Library /New York Public Library/Science Photo Library /Universal Images Group /ImageQuest 2015
At the start of the Civil War, the U.S. economy was based on agriculture. A minority of people did factory work, mainly in the Northeast. Those factories were developed during the First Industrial Revolution.
Starting in Great Britain in about 1760, new manufacturing processes replaced traditional handcrafting. Machines were powered by water, coal, and steam. Factory workers produced goods such as iron and cloth in large quantities.
The First Industrial Revolution spread to the United States in the early 1800s. The need for factory workers led people to move from farming areas to urban settings. It also brought women and children into the labor force.
While manufacturing was centered in the Northeast, two farming products created during this period brought economic change to other regions. The cotton gin made cotton the most important cash crop in the South. The first companies to manufacture the cotton gin started in the 1820s. These factories employed workers in the North and the South. The second product, the mechanical reaper, was developed by Cyrus McCormick and used for harvesting grain. By the 1840s, manufacturers in the Midwest were selling reapers to farmers in the region. These machines did the work of many men, which meant that farms did not need as many laborers.
The First Industrial Revolution Characteristics:
First Industrial RevolutionCharacteristics
Agriculture
More efficient farming methods, such as the cotton gin in the South, were used.Improvements revolutionized agriculture and made farming a leading industry.
Business/Political
Jobs for skilled craftspeople became scarce as machines took the place of hand tools.Skilled craftspeople formed the first labor unions to demand higher wages and shorter hours.
Social
Families looked for employment outside of the home.Factory growth led people to move to cities to look for work.Poor city planning led to health and sanitation issues in cities.Two classes of people emerged—industrial capitalists (those who owned factories) and industrial laborers (those who worked in factories).
Technology
Simple machines and tools replaced hand tools.Sources of power included natural sources such as falling water, coal, or steam.New processes, such as interchangeable parts and the factory system, made production more efficient.
Transportation
Innovations to transportation, such as canals, roads, and railroads, made shipping faster.Regional distribution of products became more efficient.
The Civil War (1861-1865) is usually considered the transition between the First Industrial Revolution and the Second Industrial Revolution. After 1865, factory-produced machines such as threshers and seed drills meant that even fewer farm workers were needed. Americans from rural areas continued to move to cities. In addition, immigrants arrived in major cities in waves. The number of factory workers increased sharply. By the end of the 19th century, the United States had become a manufacturing economy.
Now it\’s time for a game! You know about the characteristics of the First Industrial Revolution and have some knowledge of the Second Industrial Revolution. Identify each characteristic as an agricultural, business/political, social, technological, or transportation innovation associated with the Second Industrial Revolution. As you complete the game, think about how each characteristic built upon a characteristic of the First Industrial Revolution.
WHAT FACTORS LED TO THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?
The Second Industrial Revolution succeeded for many reasons. Advances in transportation and technology allowed businesses to expand. The labor force grew. The settlement of the West made natural resources easier to access. Government policies led to economic growth. Review the card flip interactive to learn more about the factors contributing to the Second Industrial Revolution and its success.
Text Version
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Natural resources
The settlement of the West increased access to already abundant natural resources. U.S. lands offered manufacturers extensive stores of coal, iron, oil, lumber, and other raw materials for industrial development.
Government
The government encouraged railroad expansion and supported free trade among the states. At the same time, the government placed heavy tariffs on imports that made domestic goods much cheaper. This protected U.S. manufacturers from external competition. These policies helped businesses and industries grow.
Technology
New industrial technology was the foundation of the Second Industrial Revolution. The Bessemer process*, for example, allowed the mass production of steel from iron. Steel was stronger than iron and became one of the main industrial products of the er
Entrepreneurs
Andrew Carnegie, who revolutionized the steel industry, and other entrepreneurs played vital roles in the rise of the Second Industrial Revolution. These entrepreneurs funded and managed growing industries. The huge profits that industrialists made earned them two distinct nicknames. They were known as \”captains of industry\” for the services they provided to workers and society and \”robber barons\” by those who felt the industrialists got rich at the expense of society.
communication
New inventions such as the telegraph helped connect Americans by allowing people to send messages over large distances. Some historians have even dubbed the telegraph the \”Victorian Internet.\” These connections aided business growth and helped expand markets.
Transportation
After the Civil War ended in 1865, the U.S. rail network grew explosively. This expansion connected distant markets and allowed raw materials to be shipped cheaply and quickly from sources in the West and Midwest to factories in the Northeast. More than 70,000 miles of railroad track were laid in the 1880s alone. Most of these tracks were on land that had been given to railroad companies through government grants. As shown in the picture, bridges were necessary to maintain level track elevation in remote locations where mountains and valleys were common.
HOW DID THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AFFECT THE NORTHEAST AND MIDWEST?
The Second Industrial Revolution affected different regions of the country in different ways. Not all areas industrialized equally. The economy of some regions was still dominated by agriculture. However, in all regions, the development of transportation was crucial. Railroad lines connected the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts. Freight trains carried livestock and grain from farms to cities. The development of steel-hulled cargo ships meant that heavier loads of raw materials and goods could be transported on waterways. Here are the ways in which the Industrial Revolution affected each region:
NORTHEAST
The Northeast was at the center of industrialization during the First Industrial Revolution. It remained the leading industrial region in the Second Industrial Revolution. New York, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania produced more than 85 percent of all U.S. industrial products in 1890.
Almost 200,000 miles of railroad line connected cities in the Northeast by 1900. The growth of railroads created a number of supporting industries. Chief among these was the steel industry that was centered mainly in western Pennsylvania. The need for coal to fuel furnaces and iron ore as raw material led to the growth of the mining industry in the region.
This rapid growth of a manufacturing economy created a need for workers. Cities in the Northeast became destinations for the immigrants that came to the United States. By 1870 about 15 percent of the U.S. population was foreign born. About one of every five industrial workers was an immigrant. Most of these immigrants settled in the Northeast and the upper Midwest along the Great Lakes to Chicago.
The growth of industry also highlighted the gap between rich and poor in this region perhaps more than any other. As a result, political views often clashed. Wealthy entrepreneurs wanted to increase profits. Workers wanted better wages and working conditions. Labor unions formed first in the Northeast. Miners and steelworkers were some of the first workers to use the strike as a bargaining tool against business owners.
The Second Industrial Revolution affected the South and West in different ways. Both underwent enormous social change. However, the economies of both regions remained weaker than those of the East and Midwest during this era.
SOUTH
After the Civil War, the South had work to do to rebuild and develop a new economic structure. Most industry and rail transportation were destroyed during the war. Slave labor was prohibited, eliminating the South’s primary labor source. By the 1880s, rebuilding had started and although it remained mostly agricultural, the South began developing its timber industry. Coal and iron deposits in the southern Appalachian Mountains gave rise to steel production in Birmingham, Alabama.
The end of slavery did not mean the end of the mistreatment of African Americans in the the post-Civil War South. Laws that allowed segregation and discrimination made it hard for African Americans in the South to experience an improved quality of life. They were largely excluded from the improved transportation system central to the Second Industrial Revolution. Many African Americans left the South to work in new factories in the North and Midwest. There they had a better chance of earning good wages and improving their economic and social standing.
Many immigrants to the United States came from rural, agricultural backgrounds, but most settled in industrial cities. Newly arrived immigrants and native-born Americans dramatically expanded the population of cities. In 1870, about 10 million people—less than one-quarter of the total U.S. population—lived in urban areas. By 1890, just 20 years later, urban areas accounted for about one-third of the total population. By 1920, the urban population was greater than the rural population. The map shows the explosive growth of cities during this era.
Urban living brought both positive and negative changes. New technologies such as streetcars made commuting easier in some cities. But disease, crime, and overcrowding became serious problems. By the late-1880s, immigrant populations from all parts of Europe and Latin America met in urban centers. Cultural differences led to racial and ethnic tension.
The growth of cities had far-reaching effects on society. Abandoning farm work for factory jobs changed family structure and roles. Family members no longer worked together on farms. Instead, they worked in separate factories or offices. Families often required multiple incomes. Some women and children worked long hours, contributing to their household\’s earnings. Some families took renters into their homes to supplement incomes.
As the economy grew, a new social class emerged between those with the lowest and highest incomes. The middle class was comprised of skilled laborers and office workers. These families educated their children in public schools rather than allowing them to work. Women often remained at home to run the household. On average, middle class families had fewer children than families with lower incomes. As transportation improved, middle class families were able to move from the overcrowded cities to surrounding areas. Men commuted from these suburbs to work in the cities.
Answer preview to explain how the Second Industrial Revolution affected the North, South, West, and Midwest
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